( Public Domain ). His popularity has lasted centuries, mostly thanks to the numerous incarnations of his story that pop up time and time again. 55v., may represent Eric of York. He was still, however, their superior as high king of Norway.Eric Bloodaxe expected to be high king over all his brothers and King Harald intended he should be so; and the father and son lived long together His was a name to conjure with: Eric, son of King Harald Finehair of Norway, known to us as Eiríkr Blóðøx – Eric Bloodaxe. In any case, Harald probably did not have enough land to divide among his sons, which the sagas number at 20. Eric first sailed eastwards, where he raided the coasts of Denmark, Friesland, and Saxland for three years. Source: lassedesignen /Adobe Stock, The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2019. [104] In sum then, it looks as if Eric, expelled and heading in a north-westerly direction (possibly in search of support), was about to cross over into Cumbria, when in a bid for power, his official Osulf had him killed through the agency of Maccus. The Fagrskinna suggests that Eric gained the nickname ‘Bloodaxe’ due to his Viking raids . In 1967, Roger Patterson and Robert Gimlin spotted, and filmed, or so they claimed, a Sasquatch next to Bluff Creek in California. Silver penny of Eric Bloodaxe. Egill was shipwrecked on a nearby shore and came before Eric, who sentenced him to death. [112] The two sides of the shaft once seem to have borne carvings, if that much can be concluded from John Speed's supposed description in 1611. Eric, whose real name was in fact Eric Haraldsson, gained his evocative nickname by murdering all but … However, the best chronological guideline appears to be that offered by the Worcester Chronicle, i.e., the D-text of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Further details on his family background are provided solely by the Icelandic and Norwegian sources of the 12th and 13th centuries, which are of limited and uncertain historical value and should therefore be treated with due circumspection. In. Current opinion veers towards a more critical attitude towards the use of sagas as historical sources for the period before the 11th century, but conclusive answers cannot be offered. The account seems designed to enhance Egill's abilities as a warrior, wizard, and poet. World History Forum. He clearly benefited from his murderous plot against Eric. Eric sealed the alliance by giving his daughter Ragnhild in marriage to the future earl of Orkney, Arnfinn, son of Thorfinn Turf-Einarsson. "[60] Amlaíb shared the throne with his nephew Ragnald (Rögnvaldr), son of Gofraid. The Northumbrians' own position in the middle of the struggle may have been complex and the outcome was variable, leading an unsympathetic historian like Henry of Huntingdon to judge harshly "their usual faithlessness" (solita infidelitas). Berserker's True Name is Eric Bloodaxe, a 10th century Norwegian king who, despite having a reign lasting only three years, was infamous for his brutal slaughtering of his brothers to obtain the throne alongside his wife, the black witch Gunnhild. Fagrskinna, apparently the Eiríksmál which it incorporates, and Heimskringla assert that Eric and five other kings died together in battle in an unnamed place in England. The Life of St Cathróe of Metz, written c. 1000 at the latest and therefore of near contemporary value, has information about Eric and his wife. Eric was even made sub-king of Northumbria under Athelstan’s authority. The killing of so many of his brothers, both full and half, is the major theory behind his wicked name. Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. Ancient Journeys: What was Travel Like for the Romans? Supported by the King of Wessex, Oswulf employed an agent to murder Bloodaxe at Stainmore high in the Pennines near to where the A66 runs today. In. Eric may therefore have followed by and large the same route that St Cathroé had taken, except in the opposite direction, possibly with Strathclyde or the Hebrides as his intended destination. Historians have been struck by the correspondence with these names in Fagrskinna, which says two of the kings who died with Eric in his final battle against Osulf (Olaf) were called Harékr and Ragnvald, although they are not identified as relatives there [19] they certainly are identified as his son (cum filio - meaning: 'with his son') and his brother (et fratre - meaning: 'and his brother') in the North Sagas.[20]. [71] Eadred does not appear to have undertaken any significant action and may even have turned a blind eye on his brother's godson, or so at least the silence of the sources appears to suggest. The first to die was Ragnar Lothbrok (or Shaggy Breeches). Once the power was in his hands, he began to quarrel with his other brothers and had four of them killed, including Bjørn Farmann and later Olaf and Sigrød. There are differing accounts as to how Erik’s nickname, ‘Bloodaxe’ or 'Bloody-axe', came about. In 944, however, Northumbria passed into West-Saxon hands again as Edmund drove out both Viking rulers. [67] That year, King Eadred harshly punished the northern defectors by launching a destructive raid on Northumbria, which notably included burning the Ripon minster founded by St Wilfrid. On Eric's death, the 350 year old Kingdom of Northumbria came to an end. [54], The Northumbria on which he set foot was one which had been bitterly fought over between the West-Saxon kings and the Hiberno-Norse line of descendants from Ímair, kings of Dublin. [14] If genuine, the latter identification would form the only direct clue in the contemporary record which might link Eric with the Norwegian dynasty. The figure that Eric became in the Norse sagas is a heady mix of history, folklore, and political propaganda. It is unknown whether Osulf was also behind Eric's expulsion, despite being the main beneficiary, and whether he was expected to grant Eric safe passage and perhaps an escort to guide him safely through that part of Northumbria over which he (Osulf) had jurisdiction. He set up the pole of spite in the cliff-face and left it standing; he faced the horse's eyes on the land, and he rist runes upon the pole, and said all the formal words of the curse. Sources. [47] Eric's rule was reputedly harsh and despotic and so he fell rapidly out of favour with the Norwegian nobility. Eric Bloodaxe, the Bloodaxe King, is a pinnacle of manliness and wielder of a living axe that thirsts for the blood of his enemies. He is believed to have been the King of Norway, and later became the King of Northumbria. He then declared Egill an outlaw in Norway. According to this source, Eric was betrayed by a man named Osulf and was slain by Maccus at a place called Stainmore. Towards the end of its portrait of Eric, Fagrskinna cites the Eiríksmál ("Lay of Eric"), an anonymous panegyric written in commemoration of Eric's death and according to the saga's introduction, commissioned by his widow Gunnhild. Although his primary interest is in the ancient civilizations of the Near East, he is also interested in other geographical regions, as well as other time periods.... Read More. The Heimskringla describes Eric as “a large and handsome man, strong and of great prowess, a great and victorious warrior," but also "violent of disposition, cruel, gruff, and taciturn." Edmund was described as rex totiusque Albionis primicerius in one of his charters, but did not live long enough to enjoy his renewed hold on the northern zone. Here, they find a beautiful woman, held captive by two Finnar wizards. "The battle of Stainmoor in legend and history. According to the sagas, Eric was Harald’s most beloved son. The Chronicle gives no explanation, but it seems as if the abdications of Amlaíb and Eric are described as essentially northern affairs, apparently without much (direct) West-Saxon intervention, let alone invasion. There is some disagreement as to Gunnhild’s parentage. [75], Eric's Northumbrian rule is also corroborated by numismatic evidence. Notably, through Supporting Curse, Eric… ( Public Domain ). Peace negotiations followed later that year to the effect that Edmund accepted Amlaíb as an ally and as two northern sources add, ceded to him Northumbria as far south as Watling Street. The Historia Norwegiæ , which is the earliest saga, for instance, states that Gunnhild was the daughter of the King of Denmark, Gorm the Old, and therefore the sister of Harald Bluetooth. The origins of behavioral modernity and what exactly makes us human are topics which have fascinated people for hundreds of years. One of Egill's lausavísur speaks of an encounter in England with a man of "Harald's line" (Haralds áttar), while the Arinbjarnarkviða envisages a ruler at York (Jórvik) who is a descendant of Halfdán (Halfdanar) and of the Yngling dynasty (ynglings burar). The 12th century Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson, on the other hand, wrote that Gunnhild’s father was Ossur Tote from Haalogaland in Northern Norway. [42] And there remains the possibility that he was not strictly monogamous, and the existence of two wives need not be mutually exclusive.[43]. The impression is borne out by Wulfstan's earlier removal of Amlaíb Cuarán and Ragnald on grounds that they had become, in Æthelweard's words, deserti "deserters" (see above). Egill had killed Bárðr of Atley, one of the king's retainers, thus making an enemy of Queen Gunnhild, who never forgave him and did everything within her power to take revenge. There are indications that Wulfstan, Archbishop of York and a leading statesman in Northumbrian politics, played a key role in Amlaíb's support, although he would later change his mind (see below). "[18] Even if Eric's rise and fall had been the inspiration for the story, the names are not identical and Harald Bluetooth's floruit does not sit well with Eric's. Collingwood when certain features were apparently still visible, it has been described as an Anglo-Scandinavian cross, possibly of the 10th century. Basil Bunting (intr. [109] There is no evidence for his religious beliefs, but if ever Eric was to be accepted and consecrated as king, probably with Wulfstan as king-maker, acceptance of the Christian faith would have been set as a condition to royal office. [9] Fagrskinna, on the other hand, ascribes it to Eric's violent reputation as a Viking raider. Powers and Stats. Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, ed. [46] At the time, however, Eric's younger and most famous half-brother Haakon, often nicknamed Aðalsteinsfóstri, had been staying at the West-Saxon court, having been sent there to be reared as fosterson to King Æthelstan (r. It is not known whether it was a name his contemporaries gave him or … An alternative theory proposed during the 19th century was that Eric was the son of another Harald, Harald Bluetooth , the King of Denmark, though there is little evidence to support this claim. Before it was temporarily housed at the Bowes Museum in 1990 and moved to its present location, it stood on a mound of rock a little further west on the south side of the road – coordinates: NY 89991230. Dumville, D.N. Woolf, "Erik Bloodaxe Revisited", p. 190, n. 10. Eric Bloodaxe. A powerful figure, feared by all, steamrollering across battlefields and taking kingdoms is how most of us think of him. ", pp. [30] Of his adolescent years, a remarkable picture is painted in Heimskringla, which recounts that Eric, aged twelve and seemingly possessed of prodigious valour and strength, embarked on a career of international piracy: four years were spent harrying the Baltic coasts and those of Denmark, Frisia and Germany ('Saxland'); another four years those of Scotland, Wales, Ireland and France; and lastly, Lappland and Bjarmaland (in what is now northern Russia). For instance, S 432 (AD 437): 'Rex totius Albionis'; S 437 (AD 937): 'rex Anglorum et eque totius Albionis gubernator '; S 438 (AD 937): 'basileos Anglorum et et eque totius Britannie orbis'; S 441 (AD 938): 'basileus industrius Anglorum cunctarumque gentium in circuitu persistentium'; S 444 (AD 938): 'tocius rex Brittanniæ'; S 446 (AD 939): 'basileos Anglorum et equæ totius Brittanniæ orbis curagulus'; S 449 (AD 939). The sources differ on the length of Eric's reign in Norway and on whether it was preceded by one of joint rule at all, although a number of them appear to agree on a total of five years (, That Haakon regarded Danish loyalties as an issue in need of military attention is suggested by his naval campaigns in Sjóland, Skáney and Vestra-Gautland, although Eric appears to have made the move forward by this time (. This appears to match with independent tradition from Norwegian synoptic histories and Icelandic sagas, which are explicit in identifying Eric of Northumbria as a son of the Norwegian king Harald (I) Fairhair. The comes Osulf who betrayed Eric was high-reeve of the northern half of Northumbria, centred on Bamburgh, roughly corresponding to the former kingdom of Bernicia. Featured Stories. In the 19th century, a case had also been made for Harald Bluetooth King of Denmark (d. 983) as being Eric's true father. These include the late 12th-century Norwegian synoptics – Historia Norwegiæ (perhaps c. 1170), Theodoricus monachus' Historia de antiquitate regum Norwagiensium (c. 1180), and Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum (c. 1190) – and the later Icelandic kings' sagas Orkneyinga saga (c. 1200), Fagrskinna (c. 1225), the Heimskringla ascribed to Snorri Sturluson (c. 1230), Egils saga (1220–1240), and Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta (c. 1300). "„Erindringen om en mægtig Personlighed“: Den norsk-islandske historiske tradisjon om Harald Hårfagre i et kildekritisk perspektiv.“ "Historisk tidsskrift" 81 (2002): 213–30. [102] Finnur Jónsson re-interprets the alternative tradition in a historical light by proposing that Span- ‘Spain’ in Ágrip goes back to a scribal confusion for Stan-, which in turn would have referred to Stainmore (OE *Stan). He had one rival - Earl Oswulf of Bamburgh. It is unclear how many brothers / half-brothers Eric killed, or indeed how many he had. Theodoricus goes straight for Eric's arrival in England, his welcome there by King Æthelstan, his brief rule and his death soon afterwards. Eventually, he fell out of favor with the Northumbrians and was expelled once more. p. 327. Named targets include Ireland, the Hebrides, Scotland and England. One may compare Wulfstan's attendance (S 544, 546, 548–50, 552) and non-attendance (S 545, 547, 551) in AD 949. He may have led the Viking forces in a second bid for the throne, or only returned from the sideline to exploit the ravages of defeat. "[114] The synoptic histories (Theodoricus, the Historia Norwegiae, and Ágrip) to some degree seek to excuse Eric's cruelty and fall from favour with the Norwegian nobility by pointing out another weakness, that of his naive faith in the evil counsels of his wife.[115]. 2, suggest that Haakon sailed to Norway on the invitation of disgruntled noblemen. [44] At strife with his half-brothers, Eric brutally killed Ragnvald (Rögnvaldr), ruler of Hadeland on his father's orders, and Bjørn Farmann, ruler of Vestfold. An alternative explanation from the Fagrskinna suggests Eric gained the nickname for his Viking raids . [69] Marios Costambeys suggests that it "may have been directed against, or mounted in favour of, Eirik, though the protagonist could just as easily have been Óláf Sihtricson."[70]. The nobles of Norway later withdrew their support to his kingdom, as he was a … [21] Harald 'Fairhair' is usually portrayed as a polygamous and fertile king, the number of his sons varying between 16[22] and 20. When Harald died, Eric succeeded to the realm, slaughtered the combined forces of his half-brothers Olaf and Sigrød, and gained full control of Norway. [5] Such sources reproduce only a hazy image of Eric's activities in Anglo-Saxon England. Similarly, the Historia Norwegiæ makes him flee directly to England, where he was received by his half-brother Haakon, baptised and given charge of Northumbria by Æthelstan. According to Historia Norwegiæ, it would have been his wife's native country and hence a power base where he might have expected to muster some support, but the text makes no such claims. This time, the Northumbrians decided to appease Eadred, and they expelled Eric. Z. Zeni. While tracking down the villain known as Carjack, Bloodaxe encountered his old rival, still in the guise of Thor, and claimed yet another victory over him. "[65] Moreover, in 947 he convened Archbishop Wulfstan and the Northumbrian witan at Tanshelf (now in Pontefract, West Yorkshire), on the boundary of the Humber (near an old Roman road), where they pledged their obedience to him. Based on internal evidence for the saint's itinerary, Cathróe's stay is to be dated between 940 x 943, when Constantine (II) left the kingdom of Scotland to Malcolm (I), and 946, when Edmund was slain. In any case, one of his half-brothers who survived was Haakon, who was raised in England at the court of King Athelstan. The last encounter happened when Erik and Gunnhild were living in England. All that happened shortly before the death of Harald Fairhair and King Eric's killing of his brothers to secure his place on the throne. [88] It may be noted that the text's chronology has likewise presented some difficulties concerning the political status of Dyfnwal in the story (see main article there). He is believed to have been the King of Norway, and later became the King of Northumbria. Campbell, Alistair. At maximum strength, Eric trades Spartacus’s NP gauge boost for simply doing more damage. Gunnhild convinces Eric Bloodaxe to kill the Finnish wizards. Harald Fairhair receiving the kingdom from his father’s hands, in an illustration from the 14th-century ‘Flateyjarbók’. Most subsequent accounts[38] name her father Ozur, nicknamed either Toti "teat" (Egils saga, Fagrskinna, Heimskringla) or lafskegg "dangling beard" (Ágrip, Fagrskinna), a man who hailed from the northern province of Hålogaland (Egils saga, Heimskringla). An early suggestion is that the name for the king in York in the Life of Cathróe has been erroneously supplanted for Eric's predecessor Amlaíb Cuarán (Olaf Sihtricsson), whose (second) wife Dúnflaith was an Irishwoman. Bloodaxe's identity was initially a mystery; all early panels of the character's … Eric's reign (952–954) is more obscure. While Anlaf (Middle Irish: Amlaíb, Old Norse: Óláfr) is a common Scandinavian and Norse-Gaelic name, Maccus, a Norse-Gaelic name of Middle Irish origin, is geographically more restricted and is particularly well attested in southern Scottish place-names. [77] What the charters reveal for Eric's first reign is less clear-cut, but intermittent absence may explain gaps in the record for Wulfstan's attestations in the turbulent years 947–948. The figure that Eric became in the Norse sagas is a heady mix of history, folklore, and political propaganda. Although both monarchs are generally regarded to be one and the same person, there are some doubts about this due to the fact that while Eric is mentioned in both Norse and Anglo-Saxon sources, the two … In. That is Eric Bloodaxe. 2, etc. See Sawyer, "Last Scandinavian Kings", p. 42—3; Woolf, "Erik Bloodaxe Revisited", p. 190. After Eric was expelled, the Northumbrians had accepted a new king, an Irish Viking by the name of Olaf Sihtricsson. Biography. [99] According to Ágrip and Historia Norwegiæ, Eric died on a foray in Spain after being forced out of Northumbria. Later, Edmund stood sponsor to him at baptism and to Ragnall at confirmation. [7] There is no guarantee that it significantly predates the 12th-century narrative tradition, where it is first attached to him in Ágrip and in Latin translation as sanguinea securis in the Historia Norwegiæ. A. Sutherland - AncientPages.com - Erik Haraldsson (885 - 954), nicknamed Eric Bloodaxe was a 10th-century Norwegian ruler. Their Origins May Surprise You, Do you dare enter a fairy ring? The two types may correspond to his two reigns, but it is not out of the question that both were issued during a single reign.[85]. Eric Bloodaxe, the Bloodaxe King, is a pinnacle of manliness and wielder of a living axe that thirsts for the blood of his enemies. If an enemy lowered his sword in defeat, Erik would allow the beaten man to leave the field alive. He is usually portrayed as a larger-than-life Viking hero, whose powerful and violent performances bring him many short-term successes, but ultimately make him flawed and unpopular as a ruler and statesman. On his way back to the south, Eadred’s rearguard was attacked by Eric at Castleford and many lives were lost. He is said to have participated in bloody raids across Europe from the age of 12 and quickly learnt that violence was the most effective way to distinguish yourself in the Viking community. The Norse sagas differ in the way they treat the manner and route by which Eric first came to Britain after he was forced out of Norway. It tells that Harald "chose the lady from Denmark [konu danska] / broke with his Rogaland loves / and his lemans of Horthaland, / the maidens of Hálogaland / and of Hathaland eke. These days however, this charismatic and beloved Servant carves out a niche by farming quickly and powerfully. The Irish annals report that in 945, Amlaíb was back in Dublin and an anonymous ruler at York, possibly Ragnald (Rögnvaldr), died. Theodoricus names her on several occasions (ch. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. Furthermore, the Norse sources are in the form of sagas, which means that both legend and history are mingled together. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Erik-I, Vea, M. S., 2019. Battle of Visby: Medieval Massacre Leaves Behind Harrowing Remains of Fallen Soldiers, Where the West Actually Meets the East—The Tarim Mummies, ‘Mind-blowing’ Find in Egypt! Wootz steel was amongst the finest in the world. He was the greatest king in Norwegian history, respected as the father of his people and a … When Eric Bloodaxe became King of York in 948AD he claimed all of Northumbria as his own. [62] However, in 943, when Amlaíb had marched on to Leicester, one of the Boroughs, he and Wulfstan were besieged by Edmund and managed to escape only by a hair's breadth. The two principal moneyers, Ingalger and Radulf, who had also minted coins for Amlaíb, occur on both types. [106] However, on recently examining the poem, John McKinnell could find little trace of this. Another chronicler, Symeon of Durham, reports that Maccus was the son of Olaf (either Olaf Sihtricsson or Olaf Guthfrithson, another former ruler of Northumbria). [10] Except for a single stanza in the Edda, the skaldic poem is preserved nowhere else and what has survived may represent only the opening stanzas. It is the metal that was used to fashion weapons such as the famous Damascus blades of the Middle Ages. It is widely speculated that he had short-lived terms as King of Norway and twice as King of Northumbria (c. 947–948 and 952–954). 931 to 933, succeeding Harald Fairhair and preceding Haakon I of,! Reign ( 952–954 ) is more obscure Eric became in the Norse sagas is a who! Arrangements he made for his Viking raids ] Heimskringla specifies that Haakon sailed to on... Legendary icons of Medieval Britain his name may point to origins in a lost Chronicle written in York to! A grander treatment in the form of sagas, Harald probably did not have enough to! 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